http://www.multimediaexpo.cz/mmecz/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Monoid 2026-06-21T02:17:16Z Historie editací této stránky MediaWiki 1.16.5 http://www.multimediaexpo.cz/mmecz/index.php?title=Monoid&diff=953023&oldid=prev 2015-10-30T00:20:18Z

<p>+ Masivní vylepšení</p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Starší verze</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Verze z 30. 10. 2015, 00:20</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Řádka 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Řádka 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{Wikipedia</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cs</del>|Monoid|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">700}</del>}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| &lt;big&gt;Struktury s jednou binární operací&lt;/big&gt;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins>-</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! width=60 </ins>| <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Asociativita]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! width=60 | [[Neutrální prvek]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! width=60 | [[Inverzní prvek]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|- align=&quot;center&quot; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! [[Grupa]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]] ||&nbsp; [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|- align=&quot;center&quot; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! [[</ins>Monoid<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|- align=&quot;center&quot; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! [[Pologrupa]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|- align=&quot;center&quot; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! [[Lupa (matematika)|Lupa]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh tick octagon.png|32px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|- align=&quot;center&quot; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! [[Kvazigrupa]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|- align=&quot;center&quot; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! [[Grupoid]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]] || [[Soubor:FFresh cancel.png|32px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>|}</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">V [[algebra|algebře]] je '''monoid''' [[algebraická struktura]] s jednou [[asociativita|asociativní]] [[binární operace|binární operací]] a [[neutrální prvek|neutrálním prvkem]].</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Je to tedy [[grupoid]], jehož operace je asociativní a který má neutrální prvek.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Definice ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Monoid''' je [[grupoid]] (M; ·), tedy [[množina]] ''M'' s [[binární operace|binární operací]] „·“ : ''M'' × ''M'' → ''M'', a těmito axiomy:</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Asociativita]]: ∀ ''x'', ''y'', ''z''&amp;nbsp;∈&amp;nbsp;M (''x''·''y'')·''z''&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;''x''·(''y''·''z'')</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Neutrální prvek]]: (∃''e''∈ M) (∀x∈ M) ''x''·''e'' = ''e''·''x'' = ''x''.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Někdy se uvádí i následující axiom plynoucí však z definice [[binární operace]].</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* ∀ (''x'', ''y'' ∈ M) ''x''·''y'' ∈ M</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Monoid tak je vlastně [[pologrupa]] s [[neutrální prvek|neutrálním prvkem]].</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pokud bychom doplnili tyto axiomy o existenci [[inverzní prvek|inverzních prvků]], byla by tato struktura [[grupa|grupou]].</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Monoid, jehož operace je také [[komutativita|komutativní]] se nazývá '''komutativní monoid''', nebo '''Abelovský monoid'''.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Příklady ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Přirozené číslo|Přirozená čísla]] tvoří komutativní monoid k operaci [[násobení]].</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Množina všech [[matice|matic]] ''n×n'' tvoří monoid vůči sčítání i násobení</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Homomorfismus monoidů ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">O dvou monoidech (M; ·) a (M'; ∗) řekneme, že jsou [[homomorfismus|homomorfní]] jestliže existuje zobrazení ([[homomorfismus]]) ''f'': M → M' takové, že:</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* ∀''x'',''y''∈M f(''x''·''y'')=f(x)∗f(y).</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* f(''e'')=''e'' ', kde ''e'' je neutrální prvek grupoidu (M; ·) a ''e'' ' neutrální prvek grupoidu (M'; ∗).</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Je-li zobrazení mezi dvěma monoidy [[bijekce|bijektivní]] a je to homomorfismus, říkáme, že tyto dva monoidy jsou [[izomorfismus|izomorfní]].</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Související články ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Grupoid]]&nbsp; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Pologrupa]] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Grupa]] – monoid rozšířený o [[Inverzní prvek|inverzní]] operaci </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Článek z Wikipedie}}</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Kategorie:Algebraické struktury]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Kategorie:Algebraické struktury]]</div></td></tr> </table>

Sysop http://www.multimediaexpo.cz/mmecz/index.php?title=Monoid&diff=246856&oldid=prev 2013-07-25T14:02:55Z

<p>1 revizi</p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='1' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Starší verze</td> <td colspan='1' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Verze z 25. 7. 2013, 14:02</td> </tr></table>

Sysop http://www.multimediaexpo.cz/mmecz/index.php?title=Monoid&diff=246855&oldid=prev 2012-10-23T08:20:30Z

<p>1 revizi</p> <p><b>Nová stránka</b></p><div>{{Wikipedia-cs|Monoid|700}}<br /> <br /> [[Kategorie:Algebraické struktury]]</div>

Sysop